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左丘明 卷二·周文二 晋侯使吕相绝秦¹，曰：\"昔逮我献公及穆公相好²，戮力同心³，申之以盟誓⁴，重之以昏姻⁵。天祸晋国⁶，文公如齐⁷，惠公如秦⁸。无禄⁹，献公即世¹⁰，穆公不忘旧德¹¹，俾我惠公用能奉祀于晋¹²，又不能成大勋而为韩之师¹³。亦悔于厥心¹⁴，用集我文公¹⁵，是穆之成也¹⁶。 \"文公躬擐甲胄¹⁷跋履山川¹⁸，逾越险阻¹⁹，征东之诸侯虞、夏、商、周之胤而朝诸秦²⁰，则亦既报旧德矣²¹。郑人怒君之疆埸²²，我文公帅诸侯及秦围郑²³。秦大夫不询于我寡君²⁴，擅及郑盟²⁵，诸侯疾之²⁶，将致命于秦²⁷。文公恐惧²⁸，绥靖诸侯²⁹，秦师克还无害³⁰，则是我有大造于西也³¹。 \"无禄³²，文公即世³³，穆为不吊³⁴。蔑死我君³⁵，寡我襄公³⁶，迭我肴地³⁷，奸绝我好³⁸，伐我保城³⁹，殄灭我费滑⁴⁰，散离我兄弟⁴¹，挠乱我同盟⁴²，倾覆我国家⁴³。我襄公未忘君之旧勋⁴⁴，而惧社稷之陨⁴⁵，是以有肴之师⁴⁶。犹愿赦罪于穆公⁴⁷，穆公弗听⁴⁸，而即楚谋我⁴⁹。天诱其衷⁵⁰，成王陨命⁵¹，穆公是以不克逞志于我⁵²。 \"穆、襄即世⁵³，康，灵即位⁵⁴，康公我之自出⁵⁵，又欲阙翦我公室⁵⁶，倾覆我社稷⁵⁷，帅我蟊贼⁵⁸，以来荡摇我边疆⁵⁹，我是以有令狐之役⁶⁰。康犹不悛⁶¹，入我河曲⁶²，伐我涑川⁶³，俘我王宫⁶⁴，翦我羁马⁶⁵，我是以有河曲之战⁶⁶。东道之不通⁶⁷，则是康公绝我好也⁶⁸。 \"及君之嗣也⁶⁹，我君景公⁷⁰，引领西望曰⁷¹：'庶抚我乎⁷²！'君亦不惠称盟⁷³，利吾有狄难⁷⁴，入我河县⁷⁵，焚我箕，郜⁷⁶，芟夷我农功⁷⁷，虔刘我边陲⁷⁸，我是以有辅氏之聚⁷⁹。 \"君亦悔祸之延⁸⁰，而欲徼福于先君献、穆⁸¹，使伯车来命我景公曰⁸²：'吾与女同好弃恶⁸³，复修旧德⁸⁴，以追念前勋⁸⁵。'言誓未就⁸⁶，景公即世⁸⁷，我寡君是以有令狐之会⁸⁸。君又不祥⁸⁹，背弃盟誓⁹⁰。白狄及君同州⁹¹，君之仇雠而我之昏姻也⁹²。君来赐命曰⁹³：'吾与女伐狄⁹⁴。'寡君不敢顾昏姻⁹⁵，畏君之威而受命于使⁹⁶。君有二心于狄⁹⁷，曰⁹⁸：'晋将伐女⁹⁹。'狄应且憎¹⁰⁰，是用告我¹⁰¹。楚人恶君之二三其德也¹⁰²，亦来告我曰¹⁰³：'秦背令狐之盟而来求盟于我¹⁰⁴，昭告昊天上帝、秦三公、楚三王曰¹⁰⁵：余虽与晋出入¹⁰⁶，余唯利是视¹⁰⁷。不谷恶其无成德¹⁰⁸，是用宣之¹⁰⁹，以惩不一¹¹⁰。'诸侯备闻此言¹¹¹，斯是用痛心疾首¹¹²，昵就寡人¹¹³。寡人帅以听命¹¹⁴，唯好是求¹¹⁵。君若惠顾诸侯¹¹⁶，矜哀寡人¹¹⁷，而赐之盟¹¹⁸，则寡人之愿也¹¹⁹，其承宁诸侯以退¹²⁰，岂敢徼乱¹²¹？君若不施大惠¹²²，寡人不佞¹²³，其不能以诸侯退矣¹²⁴。敢尽布之执事¹²⁵，俾执事实图利之¹²⁶。\" 晋厉公派吕相与秦国绝交，说：\"从前到我们献公和穆公互相友好，合力同心，用盟约重申它，用婚姻加重它。上天降祸晋国，文公到齐国，惠公到秦国。不幸，献公去世，穆公不忘记旧恩，使我们惠公能够祭祀在晋国，又不能成就大功而成为韩原之战。也在他的心里后悔，因此聚集我们文公，这是穆公的成就。 \"文公亲自穿盔甲跋涉山川，越过险阻，征伐东方的诸侯虞、夏、商、周的后代而朝见秦国，那么也已经报答旧恩了。郑国人愤怒您的疆界，我们文公率领诸侯和秦国包围郑国。秦国大夫不向我们国君询问，擅自与郑国结盟，诸侯痛恨这件事，将要对秦国拼命。文公恐惧，安抚诸侯，秦军能够回来没有害处，那么是我们对西方有大恩。 \"不幸，文公去世，穆公不吊唁。轻视我们死去的国君，轻视我们襄公，侵犯我们肴山地区，断绝我们的友好，攻打我们的保城，消灭我们费滑，拆散我们兄弟，扰乱我们同盟，倾覆我们国家。我们襄公没有忘记您的旧功，而害怕国家的灭亡，因此有肴山之战。还愿意向穆公赦免罪过，穆公不听从，而到楚国谋害我们。上天诱导他的内心，成王去世，穆公因此不能对我们得志。 \"穆公、襄公去世，康公、灵公即位，康公出自我们，又想要削弱我们公室，倾覆我们国家，率领我们蟊贼，来动摇我们边疆，我们因此有令狐之战。康公还不悔改，进入我们河曲，攻打我们涑川，俘虏我们王宫，翦除我们羁马，我们因此有河曲之战。东道不通，那么是康公断绝我们的友好。 \"到您继位，我们国君景公，伸长脖子向西望说：'希望安抚我们！'您也不恩惠结盟，利用我们有狄人入侵，进入我们河县，焚烧我们箕、郜，毁坏我们农事，杀戮我们边疆，我们因此有辅氏之战。 \"您也后悔祸患的延续，而想要从先君献公、穆公求福，派伯车来命令我们景公说：'我和您共同友好抛弃恶行，重新修好旧恩，来追念前功。'盟誓没有完成，景公去世，我们国君因此有令狐之会。您又不祥，背弃盟誓。白狄和您同州，您的仇敌却是我们的婚姻。您来赐命说：'我和您攻打狄人。'我们国君不敢顾及婚姻，害怕您的威势而接受使者的命令。您对狄人有二心，说：'晋国将要攻打您。'狄人答应并且憎恨，因此告诉我们。楚国人厌恶您的反复无常，也来告诉我们说：'秦国背弃令狐之盟而来向我们求盟，昭告昊天上帝、秦三公、楚三王说：我虽然和晋国往来，我只看利益。我厌恶他没有成德，因此宣扬它，来惩罚不专一。'诸侯都听到这些话，这因此痛心疾首，亲近我。我率领来听命，只求友好。您如果惠顾诸侯，怜悯我，而赐予我们盟约，那么是我的愿望，我们安抚诸侯来退兵，怎么敢制造动乱？您如果不施予大恩，我不才，我们不能率领诸侯退兵了。敢全部陈述给您，让您确实考虑利益。\"","2026-11-08T00:28:59.383Z","呂相絕秦",[552,553,554,555,556,557],"晉侯使呂相絕秦¹，曰：\"昔逮我獻公及穆公相好²，戮力同心³，申之以盟誓⁴，重之以昏姻⁵。天禍晉國⁶，文公如齊⁷，惠公如秦⁸。無祿⁹，獻公即世¹⁰，穆公不忘舊德¹¹，俾我惠公用能奉祀於晉¹²，又不能成大勳而爲韓之師¹³。亦悔於厥心¹⁴，用集我文公¹⁵，是穆之成也¹⁶。","\"文公躬擐甲冑¹⁷跋履山川¹⁸，逾越險阻¹⁹，征東之諸侯虞、夏、商、周之胤而朝諸秦²⁰，則亦既報舊德矣²¹。鄭人怒君之疆埸²²，我文公帥諸侯及秦圍鄭²³。秦大夫不詢於我寡君²⁴，擅及鄭盟²⁵，諸侯疾之²⁶，將致命於秦²⁷。文公恐懼²⁸，綏靖諸侯²⁹，秦師克還無害³⁰，則是我有大造於西也³¹。","\"無祿³²，文公即世³³，穆爲不弔³⁴。蔑死我君³⁵，寡我襄公³⁶，迭我餚地³⁷，奸絕我好³⁸，伐我保城³⁹，殄滅我費滑⁴⁰，散離我兄弟⁴¹，撓亂我同盟⁴²，傾覆我國家⁴³。我襄公未忘君之舊勳⁴⁴，而懼社稷之隕⁴⁵，是以有餚之師⁴⁶。猶願赦罪於穆公⁴⁷，穆公弗聽⁴⁸，而即楚謀我⁴⁹。天誘其衷⁵⁰，成王隕命⁵¹，穆公是以不克逞志於我⁵²。","\"穆、襄即世⁵³，康，靈即位⁵⁴，康公我之自出⁵⁵，又欲闕翦我公室⁵⁶，傾覆我社稷⁵⁷，帥我蟊賊⁵⁸，以來蕩搖我邊疆⁵⁹，我是以有令狐之役⁶⁰。康猶不悛⁶¹，入我河曲⁶²，伐我涑川⁶³，俘我王宮⁶⁴，翦我羈馬⁶⁵，我是以有河曲之戰⁶⁶。東道之不通⁶⁷，則是康公絕我好也⁶⁸。","\"及君之嗣也⁶⁹，我君景公⁷⁰，引領西望曰⁷¹：'庶撫我乎⁷²！'君亦不惠稱盟⁷³，利吾有狄難⁷⁴，入我河縣⁷⁵，焚我箕，郜⁷⁶，芟夷我農功⁷⁷，虔劉我邊陲⁷⁸，我是以有輔氏之聚⁷⁹。","\"君亦悔禍之延⁸⁰，而欲徼福於先君獻、穆⁸¹，使伯車來命我景公曰⁸²：'吾與女同好棄惡⁸³，復修舊德⁸⁴，以追念前勳⁸⁵。'言誓未就⁸⁶，景公即世⁸⁷，我寡君是以有令狐之會⁸⁸。君又不祥⁸⁹，背棄盟誓⁹⁰。白狄及君同州⁹¹，君之仇讎而我之昏姻也⁹²。君來賜命曰⁹³：'吾與女伐狄⁹⁴。'寡君不敢顧昏姻⁹⁵，畏君之威而受命於使⁹⁶。君有二心於狄⁹⁷，曰⁹⁸：'晉將伐女⁹⁹。'狄應且憎¹⁰⁰，是用告我¹⁰¹。楚人惡君之二三其德也¹⁰²，亦來告我曰¹⁰³：'秦背令狐之盟而來求盟於我¹⁰⁴，昭告昊天上帝、秦三公、楚三王曰¹⁰⁵：餘雖與晉出入¹⁰⁶，餘唯利是視¹⁰⁷。不穀惡其無成德¹⁰⁸，是用宣之¹⁰⁹，以懲不一¹¹⁰。'諸侯備聞此言¹¹¹，斯是用痛心疾首¹¹²，暱就寡人¹¹³。寡人帥以聽命¹¹⁴，唯好是求¹¹⁵。君若惠顧諸侯¹¹⁶，矜哀寡人¹¹⁷，而賜之盟¹¹⁸，則寡人之願也¹¹⁹，其承寧諸侯以退¹²⁰，豈敢徼亂¹²¹？君若不施大惠¹²²，寡人不佞¹²³，其不能以諸侯退矣¹²⁴。敢盡布之執事¹²⁵，俾執事實圖利之¹²⁶。\"",[559,560,561,562,563,564],"jìn hóu shǐ lǚ xiāng jué qín ¹ ， yuē ： \" xī dǎi wǒ xiàn gōng jí mù gōng xiāng hǎo ² ， lù lì tóng xīn ³ ， shēn zhī yǐ méng shì ⁴ ， zhòng zhī yǐ hūn yīn ⁵ 。 tiān huò jìn guó ⁶ ， wén gōng rú qí ⁷ ， huì gōng rú qín ⁸ 。 wú lù ⁹ ， xiàn gōng jí shì ¹ ⁰ ， mù gōng bú wàng jiù dé ¹ ¹ ， bǐ wǒ huì gōng yòng néng fèng sì yú jìn ¹ ² ， yòu bù néng chéng dà xūn ér wèi hán zhī shī ¹ ³ 。 yì huǐ yú jué xīn ¹ ⁴ ， yòng jí wǒ wén gōng ¹ ⁵ ， shì mù zhī chéng yě ¹ ⁶ 。","\" wén gōng gōng huàn jiǎ zhòu ¹ ⁷ bá lǚ shān chuān ¹ ⁸ ， yú yuè xiǎn zǔ ¹ ⁹ ， zhēng dōng zhī zhū hóu yú 、 xià 、 shāng 、 zhōu zhī yìn ér cháo zhū qín ² ⁰ ， zé yì jì bào jiù dé yǐ ² ¹ 。 zhèng rén nù jūn zhī jiāng yì ² ² ， wǒ wén gōng shuài zhū hóu jí qín wéi zhèng ² ³ 。 qín dài fu bù xún yú wǒ guǎ jūn ² ⁴ ， shàn jí zhèng méng ² ⁵ ， zhū hóu jí zhī ² ⁶ ， jiāng zhì mìng yú qín ² ⁷ 。 wén gōng kǒng jù ² ⁸ ， suí jìng zhū hóu ² ⁹ ， qín shī kè hái wú hài ³ ⁰ ， zé shì wǒ yǒu dà zào yú xī yě ³ ¹ 。","\" wú lù ³ ² ， wén gōng jí shì ³ ³ ， mù wèi bú diào ³ ⁴ 。 miè sǐ wǒ jūn ³ ⁵ ， guǎ wǒ xiāng gōng ³ ⁶ ， dié wǒ yáo dì ³ ⁷ ， jiān jué wǒ hǎo ³ ⁸ ， fá wǒ bǎo chéng ³ ⁹ ， tiǎn miè wǒ fèi huá ⁴ ⁰ ， sàn lí wǒ xiōng dì ⁴ ¹ ， náo luàn wǒ tóng méng ⁴ ² ， qīng fù wǒ guó jiā ⁴ ³ 。 wǒ xiāng gōng wèi wàng jūn zhī jiù xūn ⁴ ⁴ ， ér jù shè jì zhī yǔn ⁴ ⁵ ， shì yǐ yǒu yáo zhī shī ⁴ ⁶ 。 yóu yuàn shè zuì yú mù gōng ⁴ ⁷ ， mù gōng fú tīng ⁴ ⁸ ， ér jí chǔ móu wǒ ⁴ ⁹ 。 tiān yòu qí zhōng ⁵ ⁰ ， chéng wáng yǔn mìng ⁵ ¹ ， mù gōng shì yǐ bú kè chěng zhì yú wǒ ⁵ ² 。","\" mù 、 xiāng jí shì ⁵ ³ ， kāng ， líng jí wèi ⁵ ⁴ ， kāng gōng wǒ zhī zì chū ⁵ ⁵ ， yòu yù quē jiǎn wǒ gōng shì ⁵ ⁶ ， qīng fù wǒ shè jì ⁵ ⁷ ， shuài wǒ máo zéi ⁵ ⁸ ， yǐ lái dàng yáo wǒ biān jiāng ⁵ ⁹ ， wǒ shì yǐ yǒu lìng hú zhī yì ⁶ ⁰ 。 kāng yóu bù quān ⁶ ¹ ， rù wǒ hé qǔ ⁶ ² ， fá wǒ sù chuān ⁶ ³ ， fú wǒ wáng gōng ⁶ ⁴ ， jiǎn wǒ jī mǎ ⁶ ⁵ ， wǒ shì yǐ yǒu hé qǔ zhī zhàn ⁶ ⁶ 。 dōng dào zhī bù tōng ⁶ ⁷ ， zé shì kāng gōng jué wǒ hǎo yě ⁶ ⁸ 。","\" jí jūn zhī sì yě ⁶ ⁹ ， wǒ jūn jǐng gōng ⁷ ⁰ ， yǐn lǐng xī wàng yuē ⁷ ¹ ： ' shù fǔ wǒ hū ⁷ ² ！ ' jūn yì bú huì chēng méng ⁷ ³ ， lì wú yǒu dí nán ⁷ ⁴ ， rù wǒ hé xiàn ⁷ ⁵ ， fén wǒ jī ， gào ⁷ ⁶ ， shān yí wǒ nóng gōng ⁷ ⁷ ， qián liú wǒ biān chuí ⁷ ⁸ ， wǒ shì yǐ yǒu fǔ shì zhī jù ⁷ ⁹ 。","\" jūn yì huǐ huò zhī yán ⁸ ⁰ ， ér yù jiǎo fú yú xiān jūn xiàn 、 mù ⁸ ¹ ， shǐ bó chē lái mìng wǒ jǐng gōng yuē ⁸ ² ： ' wú yǔ nǚ tóng hào qì è ⁸ ³ ， fù xiū jiù dé ⁸ ⁴ ， yǐ zhuī niàn qián xūn ⁸ ⁵ 。 ' yán shì wèi jiù ⁸ ⁶ ， jǐng gōng jí shì ⁸ ⁷ ， wǒ guǎ jūn shì yǐ yǒu líng hú zhī huì ⁸ ⁸ 。 jūn yòu bù xiáng ⁸ ⁹ ， bèi qì méng shì ⁹ ⁰ 。 bái dí jí jūn tóng zhōu ⁹ ¹ ， jūn zhī chóu chóu ér wǒ zhī hūn yīn yě ⁹ ² 。 jūn lái cì mìng yuē ⁹ ³ ： ' wú yǔ nǚ fá dí ⁹ ⁴ 。 ' guǎ jūn bù gǎn gù hūn yīn ⁹ ⁵ ， wèi jūn zhī wēi ér shòu mìng yú shǐ ⁹ ⁶ 。 jūn yǒu èr xīn yú dí ⁹ ⁷ ， yuē ⁹ ⁸ ： ' jìn jiāng fá nǚ ⁹ ⁹ 。 ' dí yìng qiě zēng ¹ ⁰ ⁰ ， shì yòng gào wǒ ¹ ⁰ ¹ 。 chǔ rén è jūn zhī èr sān qí dé yě ¹ ⁰ ² ， yì lái gào wǒ yuē ¹ ⁰ ³ ： ' qín bèi líng hú zhī méng ér lái qiú méng yú wǒ ¹ ⁰ ⁴ ， zhāo gào hào tiān shàng dì 、 qín sān gōng 、 chǔ sān wáng yuē ¹ ⁰ ⁵ ： yú suī yǔ jìn chū rù ¹ ⁰ ⁶ ， yú wéi lì shì shì ¹ ⁰ ⁷ 。 bù gǔ è qí wú chéng dé ¹ ⁰ ⁸ ， shì yòng xuān zhī ¹ ⁰ ⁹ ， yǐ chéng bù yī ¹ ¹ ⁰ 。 ' zhū hóu bèi wén cǐ yán ¹ ¹ ¹ ， sī shì yòng tòng xīn jí shǒu ¹ ¹ ² ， nì jiù guǎ rén ¹ ¹ ³ 。 guǎ rén shuài yǐ tīng mìng ¹ ¹ ⁴ ， wéi hǎo shì qiú ¹ ¹ ⁵ 。 jūn ruò huì gù zhū hóu ¹ ¹ ⁶ ， jīn āi guǎ rén ¹ ¹ ⁷ ， ér cì zhī méng ¹ ¹ ⁸ ， zé guǎ rén zhī yuàn yě ¹ ¹ ⁹ ， qí chéng níng zhū hóu yǐ tuì ¹ ² ⁰ ， qǐ gǎn jiǎo luàn ¹ ² ¹ ？ jūn ruò bù shī dà huì ¹ ² ² ， guǎ rén bú nìng ¹ ² ³ ， qí bù néng yǐ zhū hóu tuì yǐ ¹ ² ⁴ 。 gǎn jìn bù zhī zhí shì ¹ ² ⁵ ， bǐ zhí shì shí tú lì zhī ¹ ² ⁶ 。 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生在晉國準備聯合諸侯攻打秦國之前，呂相作爲晉國的使者，發表了一篇長達千言的外交文書，詳細列舉了秦國從穆公到康公、景公時期的種種惡行。","呂相是晉國的大夫，他運用外交智慧，通過詳細的歷史回顧和現實分析，巧妙地表達了晉國的立場。他的外交辭令不僅體現了政治智慧，也展現了春秋時期外交家的語言藝術。","這一事件反映了春秋時期複雜的國際關係和外交智慧。呂相的絕交書不僅維護了晉國的尊嚴，也體現了春秋時期政治家的政治智慧。",{"overall":916,"features":920,"quotes":925},[917,918,919],"這篇文章是《左傳》中著名的外交文章之一，體現了呂相的外交智慧和語言藝術。文章結構嚴謹，層次分明，通過呂相與秦國的絕交書，展現了春秋時期外交家的政治智慧。","文章的語言優美，特別是呂相的外交辭令，既委婉又堅定，既謙遜又強硬。他通過詳細的歷史回顧和現實分析，巧妙地表達了晉國的立場，體現了春秋時期外交家的語言藝術。","文章的主旨深刻，通過呂相絕秦這一具體事件，揭示了春秋時期外交關係的重要性和政治家的政治智慧。",[921,922,923,924],"**結構嚴謹**：文章按照歷史發展的順序，層次分明，邏輯清晰。","**語言優美**：全文語言典雅，特別是呂相的外交辭令，具有很強的說服力和文學性。","**人物形象鮮明**：呂相的智慧、機智，秦國國君的反覆無常，都通過簡潔的語言得到了很好的體現。","**外交智慧深刻**：文章不僅記錄了歷史事件，更重要的是體現了深刻的外交智慧。",[926,927],"清·吳楚材、吳調侯《古文觀止》：\"呂相絕秦，言外交之要，可謂外交家的智慧。\"","明·歸有光《世宗實錄》：\"此左氏議論之精者，言外交之要，可爲後世法。\"",[929],"左丘明（約前502一前422），春秋末期史學家。左丘明曾任魯國史官，孔子編訂六經，左丘明爲解析六經之一《春秋》而著《左傳》，亦著《國語》。《左傳》《國語》兩書記錄不少西周、春秋的重要史事，史料翔實，文筆生動，具有很高的史學價值。左丘明是中國傳統史學的創始人，被史學界推爲中國史學的開山鼻祖，被譽爲\"百家文字之宗，萬世古文之祖\"\"文宗史聖\"\"經臣史祖\"，孔子、司馬遷均尊左丘明爲\"君子\"。",{"id":931,"name":10,"nameTrad":10,"slug":932,"introduce":933,"dynasty":933},"z8pgmmp60yui66da9c6ddy4uu","zuo-qiu-ming",null,{"slug":935,"title":936,"sortOrder":34},"chu-gui-jin-zhi-ying","楚归晋知罃",{"slug":938,"title":939,"sortOrder":42},"ju-zhi-bu-qu-yu-jin","驹支不屈于晋"]