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左丘明 卷二·周文二 晋师从齐师¹，入自丘舆²，击马陉³。 齐侯使宾媚人赂以纪甗⁴、玉磬与地⁵。\"不可，则听客之所为⁶。\" 宾媚人致赂⁷，晋人不可⁸，曰：\"必以萧同叔子为质⁹，而使齐之封内尽东其亩¹⁰。\"对曰：\"萧同叔子非他¹¹，寡君之母也¹²；若以匹敌¹³，则亦晋君之母也¹⁴。吾子布大命于诸侯¹⁵，而曰必质其母以为信¹⁶，其若王命何¹⁷？且是以不孝令也¹⁸。诗曰¹⁹：'孝子不匮²⁰，永锡尔类²¹。'若以不孝令于诸侯²²，其无乃非德类也乎²³？先王疆理天下²⁴，物土之宜²⁵，而布其利²⁶。故诗曰²⁷：'我疆我理²⁸，南东其亩²⁹。'今吾子疆理诸侯³⁰，而曰'尽东其亩'而已³¹；唯吾子戎车是利³²，无顾土宜³³，其无乃非先王之命也乎³⁴？反先王则不义³⁵，何以为盟主³⁶？其晋实有阙³⁷。四王之王也³⁸，树德而济同欲焉³⁹；五伯之霸也⁴⁰，勤而抚之⁴¹，以役王命⁴²；今吾子求合诸侯⁴³，以逞无疆之欲⁴⁴。诗曰⁴⁵：'敷政优优⁴⁶，百禄是遒⁴⁷。'子实不优⁴⁸，而弃百禄⁴⁹，诸侯何害焉⁵⁰？不然⁵¹，寡君之命使臣⁵²，则有辞矣⁵³。曰⁵⁴'子以君师辱于敝邑⁵⁵，不腆敝赋⁵⁶，以犒从者⁵⁷；畏君之震⁵⁸，师徒桡败⁵⁹。吾子惠徼齐国之福⁶⁰，不泯其社稷⁶¹，使继旧好⁶²，唯是先君之敝器、土地不敢爱⁶³。子又不许⁶⁴，请收合馀烬⁶⁵，背城借一⁶⁶。敝邑之幸⁶⁷，亦云从也⁶⁸；况其不幸⁶⁹，敢不唯命是听⁷⁰？'\" 晋军追击齐军，从丘舆进入，攻击马陉。 齐顷公派宾媚人用纪甗、玉磬和土地贿赂。\"如果不行，就听从客人的安排。\" 宾媚人送达贿赂，晋国人不答应，说：\"必须用萧同叔子作人质，并且让齐国境内全部向东开垦田亩。\"宾媚人回答说：\"萧同叔子不是别人，是我国国君的母亲；如果按照对等关系，那么也是晋国国君的母亲。您向诸侯宣布重要命令，却说必须用他的母亲作人质来作为信用，这对王命怎么样？而且这是用不孝来命令。诗经说：'孝子不缺乏，永远赐予你同类。'如果用不孝来命令诸侯，这恐怕不是德行的同类吧？先王治理天下，观察土地的适宜，并且分布它的利益。所以诗经说：'我们治理疆界，向南向东开垦田亩。'现在您治理诸侯，却说'全部向东开垦田亩'罢了；只对您的战车有利，不顾及土地的适宜，这恐怕不是先王的命令吧？违背先王就不义，凭什么做盟主？这晋国确实有缺陷。四王称王，树立德行并且帮助共同愿望；五霸称霸，勤劳并且安抚他们，来服从王命；现在您寻求联合诸侯，来满足无边的欲望。诗经说：'施政宽厚，各种福禄都聚集。'您确实不宽厚，却抛弃各种福禄，诸侯有什么害处呢？否则，我国国君命令使臣，就有话可说了。说'您率领国君的军队屈辱地来到我国，不丰厚的我国军队，来犒劳随从；害怕您的威势，军队失败。您恩惠地求取齐国的福气，不灭亡它的国家，让继续旧日的友好，只是这些先君的破旧器物、土地不敢吝惜。您又不答应，请收集残余，背靠城墙借一战。我国的幸运，也说听从；何况如果不幸运，敢不唯命是从？'\"","2026-11-08T00:28:59.383Z","齊國佐不辱命",[322,323,324],"晉師從齊師¹，入自丘輿²，擊馬陘³。","齊侯使賓媚人賂以紀甗⁴、玉磬與地⁵。\"不可，則聽客之所爲⁶。\"","賓媚人致賂⁷，晉人不可⁸，曰：\"必以蕭同叔子爲質⁹，而使齊之封內盡東其畝¹⁰。\"對曰：\"蕭同叔子非他¹¹，寡君之母也¹²；若以匹敵¹³，則亦晉君之母也¹⁴。吾子布大命於諸侯¹⁵，而曰必質其母以爲信¹⁶，其若王命何¹⁷？且是以不孝令也¹⁸。詩曰¹⁹：'孝子不匱²⁰，永錫爾類²¹。'若以不孝令於諸侯²²，其無乃非德類也乎²³？先王疆理天下²⁴，物土之宜²⁵，而布其利²⁶。故詩曰²⁷：'我疆我理²⁸，南東其畝²⁹。'今吾子疆理諸侯³⁰，而曰'盡東其畝'而已³¹；唯吾子戎車是利³²，無顧土宜³³，其無乃非先王之命也乎³⁴？反先王則不義³⁵，何以爲盟主³⁶？其晉實有闕³⁷。四王之王也³⁸，樹德而濟同欲焉³⁹；五伯之霸也⁴⁰，勤而撫之⁴¹，以役王命⁴²；今吾子求合諸侯⁴³，以逞無疆之慾⁴⁴。詩曰⁴⁵：'敷政優優⁴⁶，百祿是遒⁴⁷。'子實不優⁴⁸，而棄百祿⁴⁹，諸侯何害焉⁵⁰？不然⁵¹，寡君之命使臣⁵²，則有辭矣⁵³。曰⁵⁴'子以君師辱於敝邑⁵⁵，不腆敝賦⁵⁶，以犒從者⁵⁷；畏君之震⁵⁸，師徒橈敗⁵⁹。吾子惠徼齊國之福⁶⁰，不泯其社稷⁶¹，使繼舊好⁶²，唯是先君之敝器、土地不敢愛⁶³。子又不許⁶⁴，請收合餘燼⁶⁵，背城借一⁶⁶。敝邑之幸⁶⁷，亦云從也⁶⁸；況其不幸⁶⁹，敢不唯命是聽⁷⁰？'\"",[326,327,328],"jìn shī cóng qí shī ¹ ， rù zì qiū yú ² ， jī mǎ xíng ³ 。","qí hóu shǐ bīn mèi rén lù yǐ jì yǎn ⁴ 、 yù qìng yǔ dì ⁵ 。 \" bù kě ， zé tīng kè zhī suǒ wèi ⁶ 。 \"","bīn mèi rén zhì lù ⁷ ， jìn rén bù kě ⁸ ， yuē ： \" bì yǐ xiāo tóng shū zǐ wèi zhì ⁹ ， ér shǐ qí zhī fēng nèi jìn dōng qí mǔ ¹ ⁰ 。 \" duì yuē ： \" xiāo tóng shū zǐ fēi tā ¹ ¹ ， guǎ jūn zhī mǔ yě ¹ ² ； ruò yǐ pǐ dí ¹ ³ ， zé yì jìn jūn zhī mǔ yě ¹ ⁴ 。 wú zǐ bù dà mìng yú zhū hóu ¹ ⁵ ， ér yuē bì zhì qí mǔ yǐ wéi xìn ¹ ⁶ ， qí ruò wáng mìng hé ¹ ⁷ ？ qiě shì yǐ bú xiào lìng yě ¹ ⁸ 。 shī yuē ¹ ⁹ ： ' xiào zǐ bú kuì ² ⁰ ， yǒng xī ěr lèi ² ¹ 。 ' ruò yǐ bú xiào lìng yú zhū hóu ² ² ， qí wú nǎi fēi dé lèi yě hū ² ³ ？ xiān wáng jiāng lǐ tiān xià ² ⁴ ， wù tǔ zhī yí ² ⁵ ， ér bù qí lì ² ⁶ 。 gù shī yuē ² ⁷ ： ' wǒ jiāng wǒ lǐ ² ⁸ ， nán dōng qí mǔ ² ⁹ 。 ' jīn wú zǐ jiāng lǐ zhū hóu ³ ⁰ ， ér yuē ' jìn dōng qí mǔ ' ér yǐ ³ ¹ ； wéi wú zǐ róng chē shì lì ³ ² ， wú gù tǔ yí ³ ³ ， qí wú nǎi fēi xiān wáng zhī mìng yě hū ³ ⁴ ？ fǎn xiān wáng zé bú yì ³ ⁵ ， hé yǐ wéi méng zhǔ ³ ⁶ ？ qí jìn shí yǒu quē ³ ⁷ 。 sì wáng zhī wáng yě ³ ⁸ ， shù dé ér jì tóng yù yān ³ ⁹ ； wǔ bó zhī bà yě ⁴ ⁰ ， qín ér fǔ zhī ⁴ ¹ ， yǐ yì wáng mìng ⁴ ² ； jīn wú zǐ qiú hé zhū hóu ⁴ ³ ， yǐ chěng wú jiāng zhī yù ⁴ ⁴ 。 shī yuē ⁴ ⁵ ： ' fū zhèng yōu yōu ⁴ ⁶ ， bǎi lù shì qiú ⁴ ⁷ 。 ' zǐ shí bù yōu ⁴ ⁸ ， ér qì bǎi lù ⁴ ⁹ ， zhū hóu hé hài yān ⁵ ⁰ ？ bù rán ⁵ ¹ ， guǎ jūn zhī mìng shǐ chén ⁵ ² ， zé yǒu cí yǐ ⁵ ³ 。 yuē ⁵ ⁴ ' zǐ yǐ jūn shī rǔ yú bì yì ⁵ ⁵ ， bù tiǎn bì fù ⁵ ⁶ ， yǐ kào cóng zhě ⁵ ⁷ ； wèi jūn zhī zhèn ⁵ ⁸ ， shī tú ráo bài ⁵ ⁹ 。 wú zǐ huì jiǎo qí guó zhī fú ⁶ ⁰ ， bù mǐn qí shè jì ⁶ ¹ ， shǐ jì jiù hǎo ⁶ ² ， wéi shì xiān jūn zhī bì qì 、 tǔ dì bù gǎn ài ⁶ ³ 。 zǐ yòu bù xǔ ⁶ ⁴ ， qǐng shōu hé yú jìn ⁶ ⁵ ， bèi chéng jiè yī ⁶ ⁶ 。 bì yì zhī xìng ⁶ ⁷ ， yì yún cóng yě ⁶ ⁸ ； kuàng qí bú xìng ⁶ ⁹ ， gǎn bù wéi mìng shì tīng ⁷ ⁰ ？ ' \"",[330,333,336,339,342,345,348,351,354,357,360,363,365,368,371,374,377,379,381,384,387,390,393,396,397,399,401,404,406,409,412,415,418,421,424,427,430,433,435,438,440,443,445,448,451,452,455,458,461,464,467,469,471,474,476,479,482,485,487,490,493,495,498,501,504,507,509,511,514,517],{"term":331,"text":332,"index":19},"晉師從齊師","晉師，晉軍；從，追擊；齊師，齊軍",{"term":334,"text":335,"index":23},"入自丘輿","入，進入；自，從；丘輿，地名",{"term":337,"text":338,"index":27},"擊馬陘","擊，攻擊；馬陘，地名",{"term":340,"text":341,"index":31},"齊侯使賓媚人賂以紀甗","齊侯，齊頃公；使，派；賓媚人，國佐；賂，賄賂；以，用；紀甗，紀國的甗",{"term":343,"text":344,"index":35},"玉磬與地","玉磬，玉製的磬；與，和；地，土地",{"term":346,"text":347,"index":39},"不可，則聽客之所爲","不可，不行；則，就；聽，聽從；客，客人；之，的；所爲，所做的事",{"term":349,"text":350,"index":43},"賓媚人致賂","賓媚人，國佐；致，送達；賂，賄賂",{"term":352,"text":353,"index":47},"晉人不可","晉人，晉國人；不可，不同意",{"term":355,"text":356,"index":51},"必以蕭同叔子爲質","必，必須；以，用；蕭同叔子，人名；爲質，作人質",{"term":358,"text":359,"index":55},"而使齊之封內盡東其畝","而，並且；使，讓；齊，齊國；之，的；封內，境內；盡，全部；東，向東；其，它的；畝，田畝",{"term":361,"text":362,"index":59},"蕭同叔子非他","蕭同叔子，人名；非，不是；他，別人",{"term":61,"text":364,"index":63},"寡君，我國國君；之，的；母，母親；也，啊",{"term":366,"text":367,"index":67},"若以匹敵","若，如果；以，按照；匹敵，對等",{"term":369,"text":370,"index":71},"則亦晉君之母也","則，那麼；亦，也；晉君，晉國國君；之，的；母，母親；也，啊",{"term":372,"text":373,"index":75},"吾子布大命於諸侯","吾子，您；布，宣佈；大命，重要命令；於，向；諸侯，諸侯",{"term":375,"text":376,"index":79},"而曰必質其母以爲信","而，卻；曰，說；必，必須；質，作人質；其，他的；母，母親；以，來；爲，作爲；信，信用",{"term":81,"text":378,"index":83},"其，這；若，對；王命，王命；何，怎麼樣",{"term":85,"text":380,"index":87},"且，而且；是，這；以，用；不孝，不孝；令，命令；也，啊",{"term":382,"text":383,"index":91},"詩曰","詩，詩經；曰，說",{"term":385,"text":386,"index":95},"孝子不匱","孝子，孝子；不，不；匱，缺乏",{"term":388,"text":389,"index":99},"永錫爾類","永，永遠；錫，賜予；爾，你；類，同類",{"term":391,"text":392,"index":103},"若以不孝令於諸侯","若，如果；以，用；不孝，不孝；令，命令；於，向；諸侯，諸侯",{"term":394,"text":395,"index":107},"其無乃非德類也乎","其，這；無乃，恐怕；非，不是；德類，德行的同類；也乎，嗎",{"term":109,"text":110,"index":111},{"term":113,"text":398,"index":115},"物，觀察；土，土地；之，的；宜，適宜",{"term":117,"text":400,"index":119},"而，並且；布，分佈；其，它的；利，利益",{"term":402,"text":403,"index":123},"故詩曰","故，所以；詩，詩經；曰，說",{"term":125,"text":405,"index":127},"我，我們；疆，疆界；理，治理",{"term":407,"text":408,"index":131},"南東其畝","南東，向南向東；其，它的；畝，田畝",{"term":410,"text":411,"index":135},"今吾子疆理諸侯","今，現在；吾子，您；疆理，治理；諸侯，諸侯",{"term":413,"text":414,"index":139},"而曰'盡東其畝'而已","而，卻；曰，說；盡，全部；東，向東；其，它的；畝，田畝；而已，罷了",{"term":416,"text":417,"index":143},"唯吾子戎車是利","唯，只；吾子，您；戎車，戰車；是，是；利，有利",{"term":419,"text":420,"index":147},"無顧土宜","無，不；顧，顧及；土宜，土地的適宜",{"term":422,"text":423,"index":151},"其無乃非先王之命也乎","其，這；無乃，恐怕；非，不是；先王，先王；之，的；命，命令；也乎，嗎",{"term":425,"text":426,"index":155},"反先王則不義","反，違背；先王，先王；則，就；不義，不義",{"term":428,"text":429,"index":159},"何以爲盟主","何以，憑什麼；爲，做；盟主，盟主",{"term":431,"text":432,"index":163},"其晉實有闕","其，這；晉，晉國；實，確實；有闕，有缺陷",{"term":165,"text":434,"index":167},"四王，四王；之，的；王，稱王；也，啊",{"term":436,"text":437,"index":171},"樹德而濟同欲焉","樹德，樹立德行；而，並且；濟，幫助；同欲，共同願望；焉，啊",{"term":173,"text":439,"index":175},"五伯，五霸；之，的；霸，稱霸；也，啊",{"term":441,"text":442,"index":179},"勤而撫之","勤，勤勞；而，並且；撫，安撫；之，他們",{"term":181,"text":444,"index":183},"以，來；役，服從；王命，王命",{"term":446,"text":447,"index":187},"今吾子求合諸侯","今，現在；吾子，您；求，尋求；合，聯合；諸侯，諸侯",{"term":449,"text":450,"index":191},"以逞無疆之慾","以，來；逞，滿足；無疆，無邊；之，的；欲，慾望",{"term":382,"text":383,"index":193},{"term":453,"text":454,"index":197},"敷政優優","敷政，施政；優優，寬厚",{"term":456,"text":457,"index":201},"百祿是遒","百祿，各種福祿；是，都；遒，聚集",{"term":459,"text":460,"index":205},"子實不優","子，您；實，確實；不，不；優，寬厚",{"term":462,"text":463,"index":209},"而棄百祿","而，卻；棄，拋棄；百祿，各種福祿",{"term":465,"text":466,"index":213},"諸侯何害焉","諸侯，諸侯；何，什麼；害，害處；焉，呢",{"term":215,"text":468,"index":217},"不然，否則",{"term":219,"text":470,"index":221},"寡君，我國國君；之，的；命，命令；使臣，使臣",{"term":472,"text":473,"index":225},"則有辭矣","則，就；有辭，有話可說；矣，了",{"term":227,"text":475,"index":229},"說",{"term":477,"text":478,"index":233},"子以君師辱於敝邑","子，您；以，率領；君師，國君的軍隊；辱，屈辱；於，在；敝邑，我國",{"term":480,"text":481,"index":237},"不腆敝賦","不腆，不豐厚；敝賦，我國的軍隊",{"term":483,"text":484,"index":241},"以犒從者","以，來；犒，犒勞；從者，隨從",{"term":243,"text":486,"index":245},"畏，害怕；君，您；之，的；震，威勢",{"term":488,"text":489,"index":249},"師徒橈敗","師徒，軍隊；橈敗，失敗",{"term":491,"text":492,"index":253},"吾子惠徼齊國之福","吾子，您；惠，恩惠；徼，求；齊國，齊國；之，的；福，福氣",{"term":255,"text":494,"index":257},"不，不；泯，滅亡；其，它的；社稷，國家",{"term":496,"text":497,"index":261},"使繼舊好","使，讓；繼，繼續；舊好，舊日的友好",{"term":499,"text":500,"index":265},"唯是先君之敝器、土地不敢愛","唯，只；是，這些；先君，先君；之，的；敝器，破舊的器物；土地，土地；不，不；敢，敢；愛，吝惜",{"term":502,"text":503,"index":269},"子又不許","子，您；又，又；不，不；許，答應",{"term":505,"text":506,"index":273},"請收合餘燼","請，請；收合，收集；餘燼，殘餘",{"term":275,"text":508,"index":277},"背城，背靠城牆；借一，借一戰",{"term":279,"text":510,"index":281},"敝邑，我國；之，的；幸，幸運",{"term":512,"text":513,"index":285},"亦云從也","亦，也；雲，說；從，聽從；也，啊",{"term":515,"text":516,"index":289},"況其不幸","況，何況；其，如果；不，不；幸，幸運",{"term":518,"text":519,"index":293},"敢不唯命是聽","敢，敢；不，不；唯命是聽，唯命是從",[521,522,523],"晉軍追擊齊軍，從丘輿進入，攻擊馬陘。","齊頃公派賓媚人用紀甗、玉磬和土地賄賂。\"如果不行，就聽從客人的安排。\"","賓媚人送達賄賂，晉國人不答應，說：\"必須用蕭同叔子作人質，並且讓齊國境內全部向東開墾田畝。\"賓媚人回答說：\"蕭同叔子不是別人，是我國國君的母親；如果按照對等關係，那麼也是晉國國君的母親。您向諸侯宣佈重要命令，卻說必須用他的母親作人質來作爲信用，這對王命怎麼樣？而且這是用不孝來命令。詩經說：'孝子不缺乏，永遠賜予你同類。'如果用不孝來命令諸侯，這恐怕不是德行的同類吧？先王治理天下，觀察土地的適宜，並且分佈它的利益。所以詩經說：'我們治理疆界，向南向東開墾田畝。'現在您治理諸侯，卻說'全部向東開墾田畝'罷了；只對您的戰車有利，不顧及土地的適宜，這恐怕不是先王的命令吧？違背先王就不義，憑什麼做盟主？這晉國確實有缺陷。四王稱王，樹立德行並且幫助共同願望；五霸稱霸，勤勞並且安撫他們，來服從王命；現在您尋求聯合諸侯，來滿足無邊的慾望。詩經說：'施政寬厚，各種福祿都聚集。'您確實不寬厚，卻拋棄各種福祿，諸侯有什麼害處呢？否則，我國國君命令使臣，就有話可說了。說'您率領國君的軍隊屈辱地來到我國，不豐厚的我國軍隊，來犒勞隨從；害怕您的威勢，軍隊失敗。您恩惠地求取齊國的福氣，不滅亡它的國家，讓繼續舊日的友好，只是這些先君的破舊器物、土地不敢吝惜。您又不答應，請收集殘餘，背靠城牆借一戰。我國的幸運，也說聽從；何況如果不幸運，敢不唯命是從？'\"",[525,526,527,528],"本文記載的是春秋時期齊國與晉國之間的重要外交事件。魯成公二年（前589年），晉軍追擊齊軍，齊頃公派國佐（賓媚人）與晉國談判，國佐以巧妙的外交辭令維護了齊國的尊嚴。","春秋時期，齊國與晉國都是大國，兩國之間經常發生戰爭。這次事件發生在晉軍追擊齊軍之後，齊國處於劣勢，但國佐通過巧妙的外交辭令，既維護了齊國的尊嚴，又避免了進一步的戰爭。","國佐是齊國的大夫，他運用外交智慧，通過引用詩經和歷史典故，巧妙地表達了齊國的立場。他的外交辭令不僅體現了政治智慧，也展現了春秋時期外交家的語言藝術。","這一事件反映了春秋時期複雜的國際關係和外交智慧。國佐的外交辭令不僅維護了齊國的尊嚴，也體現了春秋時期政治家的政治智慧。",{"overall":530,"features":534,"quotes":539},[531,532,533],"這篇文章是《左傳》中著名的外交文章之一，體現了國佐的外交智慧和語言藝術。文章結構嚴謹，層次分明，通過國佐與晉國的外交對話，展現了春秋時期外交家的政治智慧。","文章的語言優美，特別是國佐的外交辭令，既委婉又堅定，既謙遜又強硬。他通過引用詩經和歷史典故，巧妙地表達了齊國的立場，體現了春秋時期外交家的語言藝術。","文章的主旨深刻，通過國佐不辱命這一具體事件，揭示了春秋時期外交關係的重要性和政治家的政治智慧。",[535,536,537,538],"**結構嚴謹**：文章按照對話的順序，層次分明，邏輯清晰。","**語言優美**：全文語言典雅，特別是國佐的外交辭令，具有很強的說服力和文學性。","**人物形象鮮明**：國佐的智慧、機智，晉國使者的傲慢、無理，都通過簡潔的語言得到了很好的體現。","**外交智慧深刻**：文章不僅記錄了歷史事件，更重要的是體現了深刻的外交智慧。",[540,541],"清·吳楚材、吳調侯《古文觀止》：\"國佐不辱命，言外交之要，可謂外交家的智慧。\"","明·歸有光《世宗實錄》：\"此左氏議論之精者，言外交之要，可爲後世法。\"",[543],"左丘明（約前502一前422），春秋末期史學家。左丘明曾任魯國史官，孔子編訂六經，左丘明爲解析六經之一《春秋》而著《左傳》，亦著《國語》。《左傳》《國語》兩書記錄不少西周、春秋的重要史事，史料翔實，文筆生動，具有很高的史學價值。左丘明是中國傳統史學的創始人，被史學界推爲中國史學的開山鼻祖，被譽爲\"百家文字之宗，萬世古文之祖\"\"文宗史聖\"\"經臣史祖\"，孔子、司馬遷均尊左丘明爲\"君子\"。",{"id":545,"name":10,"nameTrad":10,"slug":546,"introduce":547,"dynasty":547},"z8pgmmp60yui66da9c6ddy4uu","zuo-qiu-ming",null,{"slug":549,"title":550,"sortOrder":23},"wang-sun-man-dui-chu-zi","王孙满对楚子",{"slug":552,"title":553,"sortOrder":31},"chu-gui-jin-zhi-ying","楚归晋知罃"]