[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archaism-zhu-zhi-wu-tui-qin-shi":3},{"archaism":4,"author":486,"prev":490,"next":493},{"id":5,"slug":6,"title":7,"category":8,"volume":9,"author":10,"paragraphs":11,"notes":16,"translation":261,"background":266,"appreciation":271,"authorIntro":284,"searchText":286,"sortOrder":76,"createdAt":287,"updatedAt":287,"titleTrad":288,"paragraphsTrad":289,"paragraphsPinyin":294,"notesTrad":299,"translationTrad":461,"backgroundTrad":466,"appreciationTrad":471,"authorIntroTrad":484},"arch_cc9d36207c74cedf03ec3e03","zhu-zhi-wu-tui-qin-shi","烛之武退秦师","古文观止","卷一·周文一","左丘明",[12,13,14,15],"晋侯、秦伯围郑¹，以其无礼于晋²，且贰于楚也³。晋军函陵⁴，秦军氾南⁵。","佚之狐言于郑伯曰⁶：\"国危矣⁷，若使烛之武见秦君⁸，师必退⁹。\"公从之¹⁰。辞曰¹¹：\"臣之壮也¹²，犹不如人¹³；今老矣¹⁴，无能为也已¹⁵。\"公曰：\"吾不能早用子¹⁶，今急而求子¹⁷，是寡人之过也¹⁸。然郑亡¹⁹，子亦有不利焉²⁰。\"许之²¹。","夜缒而出²²，见秦伯²³，曰：\"秦、晋围郑，郑既知亡矣²⁴。若亡郑而有益于君²⁵，敢以烦执事²⁶。越国以鄙远²⁷，君知其难也²⁸。焉用亡郑以陪邻²⁹？邻之厚³⁰，君之薄也³¹。若舍郑以为东道主³²，行李之往来³³，共其乏困³⁴，君亦无所害³⁵。且君尝为晋君赐矣³⁶，许君焦、瑕³⁷，朝济而夕设版焉³⁸，君之所知也³⁹。夫晋，何厌之有⁴⁰？既东封郑⁴¹，又欲肆其西封⁴²，若不阙秦⁴³，将焉取之⁴⁴？阙秦以利晋⁴⁵，唯君图之⁴⁶。\"秦伯说⁴⁷，与郑人盟⁴⁸。使杞子、逢孙、杨孙戍之⁴⁹，乃还⁵⁰。","子犯请击之⁵¹，公曰：\"不可⁵²。微夫人之力不及此⁵³。因人之力而敝之⁵⁴，不仁⁵⁵；失其所与⁵⁶，不知⁵⁷；以乱易整⁵⁸，不武⁵⁹。吾其还也⁶⁰。\"亦去之⁶¹。",[17,21,25,29,33,37,41,45,49,53,57,61,65,69,73,77,81,85,89,93,97,101,105,109,113,117,121,125,129,133,137,141,145,149,153,157,161,165,169,173,177,181,185,189,193,197,201,205,209,213,217,221,225,229,233,237,241,245,249,253,257],{"term":18,"text":19,"index":20},"晋侯、秦伯围郑","晋侯，晋文公；秦伯，秦穆公；围，包围；郑，郑国",1,{"term":22,"text":23,"index":24},"以其无礼于晋","以，因为；其，郑国；无礼，没有礼貌；于，对；晋，晋国",2,{"term":26,"text":27,"index":28},"且贰于楚也","且，并且；贰，有二心；于，对；楚，楚国",3,{"term":30,"text":31,"index":32},"晋军函陵","军，驻扎；函陵，地名，在今河南新郑",4,{"term":34,"text":35,"index":36},"秦军氾南","军，驻扎；氾南，氾水南岸",5,{"term":38,"text":39,"index":40},"佚之狐言于郑伯曰","佚之狐，人名；言，说；于，对；郑伯，郑文公；曰，说",6,{"term":42,"text":43,"index":44},"国危矣","国，国家；危，危险；矣，了",7,{"term":46,"text":47,"index":48},"若使烛之武见秦君","若，如果；使，派；烛之武，人名；见，拜见；秦君，秦穆公",8,{"term":50,"text":51,"index":52},"师必退","师，军队；必，必定；退，撤退",9,{"term":54,"text":55,"index":56},"公从之","公，郑文公；从，听从；之，他",10,{"term":58,"text":59,"index":60},"辞曰","辞，推辞；曰，说",11,{"term":62,"text":63,"index":64},"臣之壮也","臣，我；之，的；壮，壮年；也，啊",12,{"term":66,"text":67,"index":68},"犹不如人","犹，还；不如，比不上；人，别人",13,{"term":70,"text":71,"index":72},"今老矣","今，现在；老，年老；矣，了",14,{"term":74,"text":75,"index":76},"无能为也已","无，没有；能，能力；为，做；也已，了",15,{"term":78,"text":79,"index":80},"吾不能早用子","吾，我；不能，不能；早，早；用，任用；子，您",16,{"term":82,"text":83,"index":84},"今急而求子","今，现在；急，紧急；而，才；求，请求；子，您",17,{"term":86,"text":87,"index":88},"是寡人之过也","是，这是；寡人，我；之，的；过，过错；也，啊",18,{"term":90,"text":91,"index":92},"然郑亡","然，但是；郑，郑国；亡，灭亡",19,{"term":94,"text":95,"index":96},"子亦有不利焉","子，您；亦，也；有，有；不利，不利；焉，啊",20,{"term":98,"text":99,"index":100},"许之","许，答应；之，他",21,{"term":102,"text":103,"index":104},"夜缒而出","夜，夜里；缒，用绳子吊下；而，然后；出，出去",22,{"term":106,"text":107,"index":108},"见秦伯","见，拜见；秦伯，秦穆公",23,{"term":110,"text":111,"index":112},"郑既知亡矣","郑，郑国；既，已经；知，知道；亡，灭亡；矣，了",24,{"term":114,"text":115,"index":116},"若亡郑而有益于君","若，如果；亡，灭亡；郑，郑国；而，并且；有益，有好处；于，对；君，您",25,{"term":118,"text":119,"index":120},"敢以烦执事","敢，怎敢；以，用；烦，麻烦；执事，办事的人",26,{"term":122,"text":123,"index":124},"越国以鄙远","越，越过；国，国家；以，来；鄙，把...当作边邑；远，远地",27,{"term":126,"text":127,"index":128},"君知其难也","君，您；知，知道；其，这；难，困难；也，啊",28,{"term":130,"text":131,"index":132},"焉用亡郑以陪邻","焉，怎么；用，用；亡，灭亡；郑，郑国；以，来；陪，增加；邻，邻国",29,{"term":134,"text":135,"index":136},"邻之厚","邻，邻国；之，的；厚，强大",30,{"term":138,"text":139,"index":140},"君之薄也","君，您；之，的；薄，弱小；也，啊",31,{"term":142,"text":143,"index":144},"若舍郑以为东道主","若，如果；舍，放弃；郑，郑国；以，来；为，作为；东道主，东道主",32,{"term":146,"text":147,"index":148},"行李之往来","行李，使者；之，的；往来，来往",33,{"term":150,"text":151,"index":152},"共其乏困","共，通\"供\"；其，他们的；乏困，缺乏和困难",34,{"term":154,"text":155,"index":156},"君亦无所害","君，您；亦，也；无，没有；所害，害处",35,{"term":158,"text":159,"index":160},"且君尝为晋君赐矣","且，而且；君，您；尝，曾经；为，给；晋君，晋惠公；赐，恩惠；矣，了",36,{"term":162,"text":163,"index":164},"许君焦、瑕","许，答应；君，您；焦、瑕，地名",37,{"term":166,"text":167,"index":168},"朝济而夕设版焉","朝，早晨；济，渡过；而，就；夕，晚上；设版，修筑城墙；焉，在那里",38,{"term":170,"text":171,"index":172},"君之所知也","君，您；之，的；所知，知道的；也，啊",39,{"term":174,"text":175,"index":176},"夫晋，何厌之有","夫，那个；晋，晋国；何，什么；厌，满足；之，的；有，有",40,{"term":178,"text":179,"index":180},"既东封郑","既，已经；东，东面；封，封疆；郑，郑国",41,{"term":182,"text":183,"index":184},"又欲肆其西封","又，还；欲，想要；肆，扩张；其，它的；西封，西面的封疆",42,{"term":186,"text":187,"index":188},"若不阙秦","若，如果；不，不；阙，损害；秦，秦国",43,{"term":190,"text":191,"index":192},"将焉取之","将，将要；焉，哪里；取，取得；之，它",44,{"term":194,"text":195,"index":196},"阙秦以利晋","阙，损害；秦，秦国；以，来；利，有利于；晋，晋国",45,{"term":198,"text":199,"index":200},"唯君图之","唯，希望；君，您；图，考虑；之，这件事",46,{"term":202,"text":203,"index":204},"秦伯说","秦伯，秦穆公；说，通\"悦\"，高兴",47,{"term":206,"text":207,"index":208},"与郑人盟","与，和；郑人，郑国人；盟，订立盟约",48,{"term":210,"text":211,"index":212},"使杞子、逢孙、杨孙戍之","使，派；杞子、逢孙、杨孙，人名；戍，戍守；之，郑国",49,{"term":214,"text":215,"index":216},"乃还","乃，于是；还，回去",50,{"term":218,"text":219,"index":220},"子犯请击之","子犯，狐偃；请，请求；击，攻击；之，秦军",51,{"term":222,"text":223,"index":224},"不可","不，不；可，可以",52,{"term":226,"text":227,"index":228},"微夫人之力不及此","微，没有；夫，那个；人，人；之，的；力，力量；及，到；此，这里",53,{"term":230,"text":231,"index":232},"因人之力而敝之","因，依靠；人，别人；之，的；力，力量；而，却；敝，损害；之，他",54,{"term":234,"text":235,"index":236},"不仁","不，不；仁，仁爱",55,{"term":238,"text":239,"index":240},"失其所与","失，失去；其，自己的；所与，所结交的",56,{"term":242,"text":243,"index":244},"不知","不，不；知，明智",57,{"term":246,"text":247,"index":248},"以乱易整","以，用；乱，混乱；易，代替；整，整齐",58,{"term":250,"text":251,"index":252},"不武","不，不；武，威武",59,{"term":254,"text":255,"index":256},"吾其还也","吾，我；其，还是；还，回去；也，吧",60,{"term":258,"text":259,"index":260},"亦去之","亦，也；去，离开；之，郑国",61,[262,263,264,265],"晋文公、秦穆公包围郑国，因为郑国对晋国无礼，并且对楚国有二心。晋军驻扎在函陵，秦军驻扎在氾水南岸。","佚之狐对郑文公说：\"国家危险了，如果派烛之武去见秦穆公，军队必定会撤退。\"郑文公听从了他的建议。烛之武推辞说：\"我壮年的时候，还比不上别人；现在老了，没有能力做什么了。\"郑文公说：\"我不能早任用您，现在紧急才求您，这是我的过错。但是郑国灭亡，您也有不利的地方。\"烛之武答应了。","夜里用绳子吊下城墙出去，拜见秦穆公，说：\"秦国、晋国包围郑国，郑国已经知道要灭亡了。如果灭亡郑国对您有好处，怎敢麻烦您。越过别国来把远地当作边邑，您知道这很困难。为什么要用灭亡郑国来增加邻国的力量？邻国强大，就是您弱小。如果放弃郑国来作为东道主，使者来往，供应他们的缺乏和困难，您也没有害处。而且您曾经给晋惠公恩惠，答应给您焦、瑕两地，早晨渡过河晚上就修筑城墙，这是您知道的。那个晋国，有什么满足的？已经东面封疆郑国，还想要扩张它的西面封疆，如果不损害秦国，将要从哪里取得？损害秦国来有利于晋国，希望您考虑这件事。\"秦穆公很高兴，与郑国人订立盟约。派杞子、逢孙、杨孙戍守郑国，于是回去了。","子犯请求攻击秦军，晋文公说：\"不行。没有那个人的力量到不了这里。依靠别人的力量却损害他，不仁爱；失去自己所结交的，不明智；用混乱代替整齐，不威武。我还是回去吧。\"也离开了郑国。",[267,268,269,270],"本文记载的是春秋时期郑国面临秦晋联军围攻时的外交事件。鲁僖公三十年（前630年），晋文公和秦穆公联合攻打郑国，郑国派烛之武去说服秦穆公退兵，最终成功瓦解了秦晋联盟。","春秋时期，晋国和秦国是相邻的两个大国，关系复杂。晋文公想要称霸诸侯，郑国成为其扩张的目标。秦国与晋国结盟攻打郑国，但烛之武通过外交手段成功说服秦穆公退兵。","烛之武是郑国的贤臣，他巧妙地运用外交辞令，通过分析利害关系，说服秦穆公退兵。他的外交智慧不仅挽救了郑国，也体现了春秋时期外交家的政治智慧。","这一事件反映了春秋时期复杂的国际关系和外交智慧。烛之武的外交辞令不仅体现了他的政治智慧，也展现了春秋时期外交家的语言艺术。",{"quotes":272,"overall":275,"features":279},[273,274],"清·吴楚材、吴调侯《古文观止》：\"烛之武退秦师，言外交之要，可谓政治家的智慧。\"","明·归有光《世宗实录》：\"此左氏议论之精者，言外交之要，可为后世法。\"",[276,277,278],"这篇文章是《左传》中著名的外交文章之一，体现了烛之武的外交智慧和语言艺术。文章结构严谨，层次分明，通过烛之武与秦穆公的对话，展现了春秋时期的外交智慧。","文章的语言优美，特别是烛之武的外交辞令，既委婉又坚定，既谦逊又强硬。他通过分析利害关系，巧妙地表达了郑国的立场，体现了春秋时期外交家的语言艺术。","文章的主旨深刻，通过烛之武退秦师这一具体事件，揭示了春秋时期外交关系的重要性和政治家的外交智慧。",[280,281,282,283],"**结构严谨**：文章按照事件发展的顺序，从围城到退兵，层次分明，逻辑清晰。","**语言优美**：全文语言典雅，特别是烛之武的外交辞令，具有很强的说服力和文学性。","**人物形象鲜明**：烛之武的智慧、机智，秦穆公的明智，晋文公的仁义，都通过简洁的语言得到了很好的体现。","**外交智慧深刻**：文章不仅记录了历史事件，更重要的是体现了深刻的外交智慧。",[285],"左丘明（约前502一前422），春秋末期史学家。左丘明曾任鲁国史官，孔子编订六经，左丘明为解析六经之一《春秋》而著《左传》，亦著《国语》。《左传》《国语》两书记录不少西周、春秋的重要史事，史料翔实，文笔生动，具有很高的史学价值。左丘明是中国传统史学的创始人，被史学界推为中国史学的开山鼻祖，被誉为\"百家文字之宗，万世古文之祖\"\"文宗史圣\"\"经臣史祖\"，孔子、司马迁均尊左丘明为\"君子\"。","烛之武退秦师 左丘明 卷一·周文一 晋侯、秦伯围郑¹，以其无礼于晋²，且贰于楚也³。晋军函陵⁴，秦军氾南⁵。 佚之狐言于郑伯曰⁶：\"国危矣⁷，若使烛之武见秦君⁸，师必退⁹。\"公从之¹⁰。辞曰¹¹：\"臣之壮也¹²，犹不如人¹³；今老矣¹⁴，无能为也已¹⁵。\"公曰：\"吾不能早用子¹⁶，今急而求子¹⁷，是寡人之过也¹⁸。然郑亡¹⁹，子亦有不利焉²⁰。\"许之²¹。 夜缒而出²²，见秦伯²³，曰：\"秦、晋围郑，郑既知亡矣²⁴。若亡郑而有益于君²⁵，敢以烦执事²⁶。越国以鄙远²⁷，君知其难也²⁸。焉用亡郑以陪邻²⁹？邻之厚³⁰，君之薄也³¹。若舍郑以为东道主³²，行李之往来³³，共其乏困³⁴，君亦无所害³⁵。且君尝为晋君赐矣³⁶，许君焦、瑕³⁷，朝济而夕设版焉³⁸，君之所知也³⁹。夫晋，何厌之有⁴⁰？既东封郑⁴¹，又欲肆其西封⁴²，若不阙秦⁴³，将焉取之⁴⁴？阙秦以利晋⁴⁵，唯君图之⁴⁶。\"秦伯说⁴⁷，与郑人盟⁴⁸。使杞子、逢孙、杨孙戍之⁴⁹，乃还⁵⁰。 子犯请击之⁵¹，公曰：\"不可⁵²。微夫人之力不及此⁵³。因人之力而敝之⁵⁴，不仁⁵⁵；失其所与⁵⁶，不知⁵⁷；以乱易整⁵⁸，不武⁵⁹。吾其还也⁶⁰。\"亦去之⁶¹。 晋文公、秦穆公包围郑国，因为郑国对晋国无礼，并且对楚国有二心。晋军驻扎在函陵，秦军驻扎在氾水南岸。 佚之狐对郑文公说：\"国家危险了，如果派烛之武去见秦穆公，军队必定会撤退。\"郑文公听从了他的建议。烛之武推辞说：\"我壮年的时候，还比不上别人；现在老了，没有能力做什么了。\"郑文公说：\"我不能早任用您，现在紧急才求您，这是我的过错。但是郑国灭亡，您也有不利的地方。\"烛之武答应了。 夜里用绳子吊下城墙出去，拜见秦穆公，说：\"秦国、晋国包围郑国，郑国已经知道要灭亡了。如果灭亡郑国对您有好处，怎敢麻烦您。越过别国来把远地当作边邑，您知道这很困难。为什么要用灭亡郑国来增加邻国的力量？邻国强大，就是您弱小。如果放弃郑国来作为东道主，使者来往，供应他们的缺乏和困难，您也没有害处。而且您曾经给晋惠公恩惠，答应给您焦、瑕两地，早晨渡过河晚上就修筑城墙，这是您知道的。那个晋国，有什么满足的？已经东面封疆郑国，还想要扩张它的西面封疆，如果不损害秦国，将要从哪里取得？损害秦国来有利于晋国，希望您考虑这件事。\"秦穆公很高兴，与郑国人订立盟约。派杞子、逢孙、杨孙戍守郑国，于是回去了。 子犯请求攻击秦军，晋文公说：\"不行。没有那个人的力量到不了这里。依靠别人的力量却损害他，不仁爱；失去自己所结交的，不明智；用混乱代替整齐，不威武。我还是回去吧。\"也离开了郑国。","2026-11-08T00:28:59.383Z","燭之武退秦師",[290,291,292,293],"晉侯、秦伯圍鄭¹，以其無禮於晉²，且貳於楚也³。晉軍函陵⁴，秦軍氾南⁵。","佚之狐言於鄭伯曰⁶：\"國危矣⁷，若使燭之武見秦君⁸，師必退⁹。\"公從之¹⁰。辭曰¹¹：\"臣之壯也¹²，猶不如人¹³；今老矣¹⁴，無能爲也已¹⁵。\"公曰：\"吾不能早用子¹⁶，今急而求子¹⁷，是寡人之過也¹⁸。然鄭亡¹⁹，子亦有不利焉²⁰。\"許之²¹。","夜縋而出²²，見秦伯²³，曰：\"秦、晉圍鄭，鄭既知亡矣²⁴。若亡鄭而有益於君²⁵，敢以煩執事²⁶。越國以鄙遠²⁷，君知其難也²⁸。焉用亡鄭以陪鄰²⁹？鄰之厚³⁰，君之薄也³¹。若舍鄭以爲東道主³²，行李之往來³³，共其乏困³⁴，君亦無所害³⁵。且君嘗爲晉君賜矣³⁶，許君焦、瑕³⁷，朝濟而夕設版焉³⁸，君之所知也³⁹。夫晉，何厭之有⁴⁰？既東封鄭⁴¹，又欲肆其西封⁴²，若不闕秦⁴³，將焉取之⁴⁴？闕秦以利晉⁴⁵，唯君圖之⁴⁶。\"秦伯說⁴⁷，與鄭人盟⁴⁸。使杞子、逢孫、楊孫戍之⁴⁹，乃還⁵⁰。","子犯請擊之⁵¹，公曰：\"不可⁵²。微夫人之力不及此⁵³。因人之力而敝之⁵⁴，不仁⁵⁵；失其所與⁵⁶，不知⁵⁷；以亂易整⁵⁸，不武⁵⁹。吾其還也⁶⁰。\"亦去之⁶¹。",[295,296,297,298],"jìn hóu 、 qín bó wéi zhèng ¹ ， yǐ qí wú lǐ yú jìn ² ， qiě èr yú chǔ yě ³ 。 jìn jūn hán líng ⁴ ， qín jūn fán nán ⁵ 。","yì zhī hú yán yú zhèng bó yuē ⁶ ： \" guó wēi yǐ ⁷ ， ruò shǐ zhú zhī wǔ jiàn qín jūn ⁸ ， shī bì tuì ⁹ 。 \" gōng cóng zhī ¹ ⁰ 。 cí yuē ¹ ¹ ： \" chén zhī zhuàng yě ¹ ² ， yóu bù rú rén ¹ ³ ； jīn lǎo yǐ ¹ ⁴ ， wú néng wèi yě yǐ ¹ ⁵ 。 \" gōng yuē ： \" wú bù néng zǎo yòng zǐ ¹ ⁶ ， jīn jí ér qiú zǐ ¹ ⁷ ， shì guǎ rén zhī guò yě ¹ ⁸ 。 rán zhèng wáng ¹ ⁹ ， zǐ yì yǒu bú lì yān ² ⁰ 。 \" xǔ zhī ² ¹ 。","yè zhuì ér chū ² ² ， jiàn qín bó ² ³ ， yuē ： \" qín 、 jìn wéi zhèng ， zhèng jì zhī wáng yǐ ² ⁴ 。 ruò wáng zhèng ér yǒu yì yú jūn ² ⁵ ， gǎn yǐ fán zhí shì ² ⁶ 。 yuè guó yǐ bǐ yuǎn ² ⁷ ， jūn zhī qí nán yě ² ⁸ 。 yān yòng wáng zhèng yǐ péi lín ² ⁹ ？ lín zhī hòu ³ ⁰ ， jūn zhī báo yě ³ ¹ 。 ruò shè zhèng yǐ wéi dōng dào zhǔ ³ ² ， xíng li zhī wǎng lái ³ ³ ， gòng qí fá kùn ³ ⁴ ， jūn yì wú suǒ hài ³ ⁵ 。 qiě jūn cháng wèi jìn jūn cì yǐ ³ ⁶ ， xǔ jūn jiāo 、 xiá ³ ⁷ ， cháo jì ér xī shè bǎn yān ³ ⁸ ， jūn zhī suǒ zhī yě ³ ⁹ 。 fū jìn ， hé yàn zhī yǒu ⁴ ⁰ ？ jì dōng fēng zhèng ⁴ ¹ ， yòu yù sì qí xī fēng ⁴ ² ， ruò bù quē qín ⁴ ³ ， jiāng yān qǔ zhī ⁴ ⁴ ？ quē qín yǐ lì jìn ⁴ ⁵ ， wéi jūn tú zhī ⁴ ⁶ 。 \" qín bó shuō ⁴ ⁷ ， yǔ zhèng rén méng ⁴ ⁸ 。 shǐ qǐ zǐ 、 féng sūn 、 yáng sūn shù zhī ⁴ ⁹ ， nǎi hái ⁵ ⁰ 。","zǐ fàn qǐng jī zhī ⁵ ¹ ， gōng yuē ： \" bù kě ⁵ ² 。 wēi fū rén zhī lì bù jí cǐ ⁵ ³ 。 yīn rén zhī lì ér bì zhī ⁵ ⁴ ， bù rén ⁵ ⁵ ； shī qí suǒ yǔ ⁵ ⁶ ， bù zhī ⁵ ⁷ ； yǐ luàn yì zhěng ⁵ ⁸ ， bù wǔ ⁵ ⁹ 。 wú qí hái yě ⁶ ⁰ 。 \" yì qù zhī ⁶ ¹ 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,475],"這篇文章是《左傳》中著名的外交文章之一，體現了燭之武的外交智慧和語言藝術。文章結構嚴謹，層次分明，通過燭之武與秦穆公的對話，展現了春秋時期的外交智慧。","文章的語言優美，特別是燭之武的外交辭令，既委婉又堅定，既謙遜又強硬。他通過分析利害關係，巧妙地表達了鄭國的立場，體現了春秋時期外交家的語言藝術。","文章的主旨深刻，通過燭之武退秦師這一具體事件，揭示了春秋時期外交關係的重要性和政治家的外交智慧。",[477,478,479,480],"**結構嚴謹**：文章按照事件發展的順序，從圍城到退兵，層次分明，邏輯清晰。","**語言優美**：全文語言典雅，特別是燭之武的外交辭令，具有很強的說服力和文學性。","**人物形象鮮明**：燭之武的智慧、機智，秦穆公的明智，晉文公的仁義，都通過簡潔的語言得到了很好的體現。","**外交智慧深刻**：文章不僅記錄了歷史事件，更重要的是體現了深刻的外交智慧。",[482,483],"清·吳楚材、吳調侯《古文觀止》：\"燭之武退秦師，言外交之要，可謂政治家的智慧。\"","明·歸有光《世宗實錄》：\"此左氏議論之精者，言外交之要，可爲後世法。\"",[485],"左丘明（約前502一前422），春秋末期史學家。左丘明曾任魯國史官，孔子編訂六經，左丘明爲解析六經之一《春秋》而著《左傳》，亦著《國語》。《左傳》《國語》兩書記錄不少西周、春秋的重要史事，史料翔實，文筆生動，具有很高的史學價值。左丘明是中國傳統史學的創始人，被史學界推爲中國史學的開山鼻祖，被譽爲\"百家文字之宗，萬世古文之祖\"\"文宗史聖\"\"經臣史祖\"，孔子、司馬遷均尊左丘明爲\"君子\"。",{"id":487,"name":10,"nameTrad":10,"slug":488,"introduce":489,"dynasty":489},"z8pgmmp60yui66da9c6ddy4uu","zuo-qiu-ming",null,{"slug":491,"title":492,"sortOrder":72},"zhan-xi-kao-shi","展喜犒师",{"slug":494,"title":495,"sortOrder":80},"jian-shu-ku-shi","蹇叔哭师"]